Cardiovascular Case Study: Atrial Septal Defect

Atrial Septal Defect(ASD) is a very large problem concerning the heart in its overall function. When the heart, being the core of the cardiovascular system, has issues; it effects the rest of the body as a result. The core of the problem resides in the atrial septum. Normally the heart is divided into four separate chambers. But a person with atrial septal defect has an atrial septum that allows the blood from the left side of the heart back into the right side. This results in increased pulmonary blood flow and diastolic overload of the right ventricle.By having this constant left-to-right shunt, it can alter the pulmonary vascular resistance leading to hypertension or even the reversal of the shunt itself. There are three types of Atrial Septal Defects: ostium secundum, ostium primum, and sinus venosus. The opening of the atrial septum may be small, on the count of the foramen ovale failing to close; or large, when the septum is completely absent from the heart itself. There is a v ery logical explanation between Ryans inability to gain weight, as well as not taking an interest in food during meals.His body isn't able to grow normally because the exchange of nutrients and waste products in his body is completely deficient. He isn't absorbing the adequate amount of nutrients that his body needs. Him being 11-months old, this causes a huge problem because nutrition is extremely important. His heart is working less efficiently, which makes the blood traveling throughout his body subsequently deficient as well. All of the systems in Ryans body are going to be affected by his diagnosis of Atrial Septal Defect. Ryans growth and development is not appropriate for his age.Ryan was born weighing 7lbs, and now, 11 months later he is 15. 4 lbs. He is close to being a 1 year old, and his birth weight should be a little less that triple the amount that he was at birth. Ryan should be approximately 21 lbs at his current age, leaving about a 5-6 lb deficit. Ryans parents sta ted that he doesn't crawl or attempt to stand because of the fact that he gets out of breath easily. This is being caused by the Atrial Septal Defect. All he can do is sit unsupported, which he should have been able to do at 8 months.At 11 months old, Ryan should be able to stand upright holding onto an adults hand, as well as feed himself finger foods and drink from a sippy cup. He should be able to pull himself up to a standing position as well. Also, sleeping after eating is just an indication of how much energy it is for him to complete a meal, which is making him uninterested in food overall. Again, all of these factors seem to be affected by his current diagnosis. Ryan is currently on Digoxin 200 micrograms and Furosemide 10 mg q day.He is prescribed Digoxin because this medication increases overall cardiac output as well as slowing the heart rate. This is good for Ryan, because at this point he is not receiving the appropriate amount of output needed for his growth and develo pment. Furosemide is a diuretic that treats fluid retention as well as hypertension. This is important because when there is a defect with the heart, pulmonary issues may occur when fluid retention begins. Also, Ryan is currently predisposed to hypertension because of his condition. Ryans current Potassium level was at a 2. 9 mml/L.Adequate levels of Potassium compared to his age should be at 3. 3-4. 7 mmol/L. Too little Potassium affects the hearts frequency as well as contractions. His Digoxin levels were tested to see if the medication was becoming toxic. He was at a 2. 6 ng/ml which is in the upper limits, but not enough to be considered toxic. Here are some examples of nursing diagnosis' that patients like Ryan would have: Risk for deficient fluid volume related to preoperative diarrhea. Impaired nutrition; less than body requirements. Decreased cardiac output related to pre-existing compromise in cardiac function.Fatigue related to decreased cardiac output. Nursing Diagnosis' for Ryan Post Operative would be: Risk for infection related to surgical incision. Acute pain related to post operative surgery. Impaired verbal communication related to age. Risk for aspiration related to immobility. Teaching is such a vital component in ensuring that all patients are fully aware of their medical condition. Ryan, being an 11 month old, the teaching must go to his parents. They will need to be supplied information about Atrial Septal Defect, surgeries involved, and the prognosis when completed.They will need specific information about the medications that Ryan is going to be on. They will need to be aware of the medications actions, side effects, and possible signs of toxicity/allergies. If Ryan were to have surgery, they would need to be taught how to care for the incision properly to avoid infection. They will need to know the signs and symptoms of infection. Last, they will need to ensure that they are constantly promoting proper growth and development with Ryan, so a daily plan must be made. That includes activities, diet, etc.

Ocean Carriers Essay

Iron ore and coal imports will most probably decrease the upcoming year With the increasing supply of vessels should result in a market surplus By creating this surplus, prices will be driven down, since we will have limited demand and suppliers competing Average daily rates, based on historical numbers, have a direct relationship with the number of shipments. Only Accept the project if we sell after 25 years in a tax free environment Reject all of the following; sell after 15 years in both a tax and tax free environment, also after 25 years with a tax environment The longer the wait to sell; the better How Long Should Vessels Operate? The company’s current policy is to not operate ships older then 15 years old If Ocean Carrier operates for 25 years the NPV will be higher then if they operate for 15 years and sell the scrap metal ($5,368,557 vs. $2,238,411) The present value of the future cash flows exceeds the value of selling the scrap metal 10 years earlier. Hence there is greater value operating the vessel for an additional 10 years/ Iron and coal’s demand is expected to increase annually and the charter rates are expected to increase by annually for the life of the vessel. The company can generate more income if they decide to operate the ship for an additional 10 years.

The effects of low socioeconomic status

Socioeconomic position is one of the cardinal factors act uponing pupil larning results. First to understand the ground ‘s why socio economic sciences position effects pupil accomplishment, it must be foremost defined. Many researches have defined socioeconomic position in many different ways nevertheless for the intent of this paper I will be utilizing the definition by Chapman and Ryan ( 2005, pp 497-498 ) ; â€Å" In Australia socioeconomic position is measured on wealth defined by place postal reference, household wealth, personal assets and parents educational background † . However this is equivocal as it does non take into history other variables such as existent place ownership, alternate ZIP code abode, full ownership of place and assets, portion portfolios, household heritage pecuniary liquid financess and personal pick. Cary ( 2011 ) states that there are two chief grounds why socioeconomic position influences pupils outcomes. This includes both educational an d socio cultural grounds. Based on the literature this paper will analyze these factors and how they play a major function in act uponing pupils larning result in schools. Does pupil ‘s place postal reference, household wealth, personal assets and parent ‘s educational background have an consequence on pupil larning results? The reply to this inquiry is rather ill-defined. This is because we have to take into history that non all people who reside in a low socioeconomic country are working category people. For illustration some people may take to populate in a low socioeconomic country but are really in-between category households. However it does influence pupils larning because societal category and socioeconomic position are correlated. We can non state nevertheless that all pupils populating in a low socioeconomic country are of working category nevertheless the literature argues that bulk of pupils who live in low socioeconomic countries do non make every bit good in school than pupils from a higher socioeconomic country. With that in head, the first educational ground to why socioeconomic position may act upon pupil acquisition is that of support inequalities. There has been a monolithic argument as to whether increased support in schools really improves student results. The survey reported by Ryan and Watson ( 2004 ) concluded that increased authorities support for private schools have been used to better quality of larning experiences of pupils which was measured by improved pupil instructors ratios. This means that there was a immense displacement of parents directing their kids from public schools to private schools. This shows the inequality of support within authorities and private sectors. For farther scrutiny of this factor, in the 2011 Australian Education Union Schools funding entry, it discusses how support within schools have an consequence on pupil larning results. The widening spreads between schools as proven by the turning unfairness in larning results and societal isolation between schools and pupils are a direct consequence of support agreements which have conveyed increasing sums of support to private schools over the last several decennaries, with immense rushs to the wealthier private schools instead than schools with legion deprived pupils, which is largely public schools ( Australian Education Union, 2011 ) . Teacher outlook is another educational ground. Sadly many instructors in schools today lower their outlooks of pupils based on their socioeconomic position. They automatically assume that pupils who have low socioeconomic position wo n't make good in school because many are absent from school or have behavioural jobs. This can be closely linked to pupil ‘s place life. Comber ( 1997 ) argues that instructors continue to keep shortage positions of some pupils. That is, some instructors hold lower outlooks for pupils from low socio-economic backgrounds, believing that these pupils have less larning possible than their more advantaged equals, or that background factors will needfully detain their acquisition ( Ruge, 1999 ) . Teachers need to be aware about pupil ‘s backgrounds and non automatically have a stereotyped position because this can impact their instruction which will hold an consequence on pupil ‘s acquisition. There are besides socio cultural grounds as to why SES influences pupil results. The first ground is pupil ‘s place environment. Students who come from low socioeconomic backgrounds are normally said to be disadvantaged. These disadvantages are â€Å" by and large associated with factors such as low-quality life environments, mobility, household unemployment or underemployment, deficiency of entree to resources that encourage larning such as books and pre-school plans and hapless wellness and societal favoritism † ( Department of Education and Early on Childhood Development, 2006, p 1 ) . These fortunes are linked with â€Å" hapless attending, lower keeping rates, less preparedness for schooling and poorer mean results at school † ( Department of Education and Early on Childhood Development, 2006, pp 1 ) . The section of instruction and early childhood development besides talks about the grounds why pupils from low socioeconomic backgrounds frequently have less successful outcomes. One result they focus on is literacy and numeracy. Research shows that pupils who come from low SES households normally do n't make every bit good in literacy and numeracy. They may come to school less organised and come from a household who do n't needfully take much involvement in their schooling or may non hold clip due to work committednesss ( Department of Education and Early on Childhood Development, 2006 ) . Therefore all of these factors play a function in finding how good pupils do in school. Another factor which influences pupil result is parent educational background. Eagle ( 1989 ) argued that parental engagement in instruction is less frequent in households with low SES. Parental instruction has been said to hold been closely linked to pupils larning results. A low SES family may non supply kids with experiences which will assist them with verbal and written linguistic communication for illustration reading to them and besides numeracy which will help them with their acquisition ( Centre for Community Child Heath, 2002 ) . Furthermore Baker and Stevenson ( 1986 ) suggest that overall ; parents from higher socioeconomic backgrounds are more likely to be involved in schooling than parents of lower socioeconomic position. A higher instruction degree of parents is positively associated with a greater inclination for them to recommend for their kids ‘s arrangement in higher instruction classs and actively pull off their kids ‘s instruction ( Baker & A ; Stevenson, 1986 ) . Whereas, parents from lower socioeconomic backgrounds face many more barriers to involvement, including work state of affairss, deficiency of resources, transit troubles, and emphasis due to populating in deprived vicinities. Besides from a socio cultural point of position mismatch between school and household can hold an consequence on pupil acquisition. This may include linguistic communication, values and certain behavior. This can by and large estrange kids and lead to take down ego regard and motive ; nevertheless this varies with each kid. Many jobs which pupils from low socioeconomic backgrounds face are normally because what the pupils learn in the schoolroom does non associate to their experiences outside of school. Students who are more privileged obtain learning attacks which come of course to them because of their normal mundane engagements. ( Department of Education and Early on Childhood Development, 2006 ) . Students from low socio-economic backgrounds frequently do n't acquire this chance. Furthermore statistics have shown that pupils from low socioeconomic backgrounds do non ever make their full potency in their acquisition. The Erebus Report conducted by the New South Wales Department of Education in 2005 comparisons findings and statistics of pupils larning results who come from a low socioeconomic background and pupils from a high socioeconomic background. One illustration they give is reading comprehension and mathematics. The findings revealed that within the same school, a pupil who comes from a higher socio-economic group will accomplish better trial consequences than a pupil from a lower socio-economic group ( NSW Department of Education and Training, 2005 ) . It besides provides comparings between both high and low SES with pupil ‘s absences from school and the survey showed that pupils with low SES had higher figure of yearss absent from school ( NSW Department of Education and Training, 2005 ) . This could besides be a ground why pupils are non making their full potency. Ainley ( 2003 ) discusses farther analyses of the Longitudinal Surveys of Australian Youth informations in footings of the factors that impact on Equivalent Tertiary Entrance Ranks. Ainley ( 2003 ) found that the 3rd most of import influence on third entryway public presentation was pupil ‘s socioeconomic background which was measured by parental instruction, wealth and occupational position. Students, whose parents are professionals, achieve higher third entryway tonss. The other two former variables were pupil ‘s anterior public presentation and school attended nevertheless it is non hard to see that socioeconomic factors besides impact these variables ( Ainley, 2003 ) . In decision this paper has argued based on the literature that pupils from low socioeconomic are disadvantaged in facets of their acquisition due to certain factors act uponing these results. These factors include both educational and socio cultural grounds. Whereas research has shown that pupils from higher socioeconomic are inclined to make good in school because they have the appropriate financess to back up pupil larning. It is the schools duty to appreciate these state of affairss and the influences it may hold on pupils larning and pupils enthusiastic attack to stay learning and to turn to these issues consequently ( Department of Education and Early on Childhood Development, 2006 ) .Mention:Ainley, J. ( 2003 ) . Early literacy and numeracy achievement influences ENTER tonss. ACER Research Highlights, 2003, p. 8-9. Australian Education Union. ( 2011 ) . Schools Funding Review Submission. Retrieved on 20 March 2011 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.aeufederal.org.au/Publications/2011/Schoolfundreviewsub.pdf Baker, D.P. , & A ; Stevenson, D.L. ( 1986 ) . Mothers ‘ schemes for kids ‘s school accomplishment: Pull offing the passage to high school. Sociology of Education, 59, 156-166. Cary, L. ( 2011 ) . Social Class and Education. EDU231 Schools in context talk. Murdoch University. Perth: WA. Centre for Community Child Heath. ( 2002 ) . A Reappraisal of the Early Childhood Literature. Retrieved on 20 March 2011 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //fahcsia.gov.au/sa/families/pubs/early_childhood/Documents/early_childhood.pdf Chapman, B. & A ; Ryan, C. ( 2005 ) . The entree deductions of income-contingent charges for higher instruction: lessons from Australia. Economicss of Education Review 24. Science Direct. National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. ( pp.491-512 ) . Comber, B. ( 1997 ) . Literacy, poorness and schooling: Working against shortage equations. English in Australia. Department of Education and Early on Childhood Development. ( 2006 ) . Understanding the Needs of Students from Low Socio-Economic Backgrounds. Retrieved on 20 February 2011 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.education.vic.gov.au/management/schooloperations/equity/disadvantage.htm Eagle, E. ( 1989 ) . Socioeconomic position, household construction and parental engagement: the correlatives of accomplishment. ( ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED307 332 ) . NSW Department of Education and Training. ( 2005 ) . Review of the recent Literature on Socioeconomic Status and Learning. Retrieved on 20 February 2011 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.lowsesschools.nsw.edu.au/resources/ErebusReport.pdf Ruge, J. ( 1999 ) . Raising outlooks: Achieving quality instruction for all. Retrieved on 31 March 2011 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.lowsesschools.nsw.edu.au/wcb content/uploads/psp/file/Raising_Expectations.pdf Ryan, C & A ; Watson, L. ( 2004 ) . The Drift Towards Private Schools in Australia: Understanding its characteristics. Discussion paper No. 479. Centre for Economic Policy and Research, The Australian National University.

Public & Social Housing PowerPoint Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Public & Social Housing - PowerPoint Presentation Example Kemney’s views are mostly based on the integration of the market based practices into the social housing practices and how the regulatory environment can be tailored to make suitable changes. Accordingly, the respective adjustment of the supply and demand mechanism in the market and the government intervention into the market through political management of the cost control mechanism can ensure the stability of the market. An alternative mechanism presented by Kemney discusses about the unitary model wherein the suppression of the cost renting can be achieved through a comparison between the cost renting as well as the profit renting in the social housing. Thus the use of unitary model attempts to combine both the profit as well as the non-profit motives in order to stabilize the market and ensure that both aspects of the market remain within acceptable limits and help achieve the policy objectives of the social housing. The implementation of the unitary model is therefore, believed to be not creating the rent differentials which may occur in case of dualist model. His arguments also tend to focus on the influence of different pressure groups and the corporatism in the social housing market. As such different countries have different rental systems in place owing to the overall nature of their culture. For example, the system in UK is relatively different as compared to the countries like Sweden.

SIGNS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

SIGNS - Essay Example 10). While the signifier referred to the material aspect and sound image of the sign, the signified denoted the mental concept (pp. 10-12). However, for Peirce, the sign consisted of three elements not just two. According to Peirce, the sign â€Å"has a relation to an Object, which relation entails an interpretant† (pp.21). Although Peirce linked the sign to the external world, Saussure and Peirce's accounts were rather structural and linguistic. However, their successors like Roland Barthes, Jean Baudrillard and Julia Kristeva placed the systems of signs into their contexts, made the necessary correlations between the signs and contemporary culture and incorporated the semiotics into the cultural studies. Roland Barthes scrutinized the role of signs in creating modern myths in his seminal work, Mythologies (1957). Jean Baudrillard, examined the system of signs with respect to the consumer culture. The aim of this brief is to explore how signs describe the commodity fetishism and consumer culture of the contemporary society. Roland Barthes regarded myth as semiological system. He analyzed the picture of young black guy in Paris-Match as an example of mythical system (see the appendix, Figure 1). Barthes noted that although the signifier is a man giving the French salute, the signified is Frenchness itself: What he saw in this picture is â€Å"that France is a great Empire, that all her sons, without any colour discrimination, faithfully serve under her flag, and that there is no better answer to the detractors of an alleged colonialism than the zeal shown by this Negro in serving his so-called oppressors.† (pp. 115). Barthes' analysis highlights the mythical and also the ideological system that sings are produced. Indeed, for Barthes, myths are the ideological systems.For Barthes, myth reflects the dominant values of the ruling classes. He (1977, pp. 165) defined myth as the socially determined reflection, â€Å"however, in accordance with a famo us image used by Marx, is inverted: myth consists in overturning culture into nature or, at least, the social, the cultural, the deological, the historical into the 'natural'†. . Advertising is the medium of the contemporary society's myths. As Baudrillard (1996, pp. 10) stated in The System of Objects â€Å"Advertising†¦ is pure connotation’ and connotation is the domain of myth. Advertising adds mystical qualities to the objects and produces signs as commodities to be consumed. In fact, Baudrillard (1996, pp. 218) noted that â€Å"to become an object of consumption, an object must first become a sign and this conversion of objects to the signs â€Å"implies the simultaneous transformation of the human relationship into a relationship of consumption†. Baudrillard's views echo the Marxist notion of commodity fetishism, in which human relations took the form of relationship between things. Indeed, advertising is often full with the fetish objects. Baudrilla rd (pp. 203) stresses that the notion of idealized consumption is base on the substitution of human relationships by â€Å"personalized† relationships to objects and the personality of the subject and the so-called â€Å"personality† of the object merge in the buying process. Here, Baudrillard (pp. 219) find the logic of commodity as analyzed by Karl Marx: â€Å"just as needs, feelings, culture, knowledge —in short, all the properly human faculties—

The differences between xbox 360 and playstation 3 Essay

The differences between xbox 360 and playstation 3 - Essay Example PS3 has the ability to output a higher resolution signal than Xbox 360 as gaming has become a norm and a much favored option on PS3 than on the Microsoft model. PS3 offers two HD outputs as it helps enormously in multitasking. As far as the memory is concerned, Xbox 360 has around 20GB which is close to 5000 songs on an iPod. While PS3 users need to buy a hard drive at the pay point. When it comes to music, both PS3 and Xbox 360 offer surround sound with Dolby 5.1. Sony PS3 has the feature of supporting seven different controllers, being quite different from Xbox 360’s range. The other differences between Xbox 360 and PS3 include the fact that PS3 has the capacity to support far more players in the room than Xbox 360 which could support only four at a time. Both the machines support Internet access and playing online is a worthwhile option. The graphics of Xbox 360 are better when one compares them to PS3 since the lighting seems more realistic in Xbox 360. Also brightness within Xbox 360 gives a sense of realism more than the PS3 machine. The power differences between the two machines seem to suggest that PS3 has more power on paper than in essence. The technical differences between Xbox 360 and PS3 come down to the graphics and resolution differences, where the advanced one takes the lead over the other. However these differences have meant time and again that users from territorial locations have seemed to enjoy one over the other ever since these machines came into the respective

Enga Culture Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Enga Culture - Research Paper Example The Enga community connotes as one of the diverse communities, which follows the arrangement of its belief, kinship, gender and values. In spite of influence from the western society, the primary mode of subsistence has remained remarkable and unchanged. The science of plant cultivation remains the paramount subsistence activity whereby they prepare the soil for tubers, seeds and propagated plants. The community dominates Enga province located in the highlands of New Guinea (Trompf, 2006). Like people living around, they have unique body paintings formulated from oil pants, mud, clay and animal oil. They dance and sing, as well as face paint in cultural festivals and social traditions. Contrary to other cultures, the Enga community has woman managing community resources including exchange items and livestock. Consequently, there is Enga’s belief on putative, agnatic ancestry with a shadowy past related to their clansmen. The main sedentary horticultural crops include sweet potatoes and pig raisers since they use pigs as their most significant aspect in exchange system. Over the years, the Enga community has been considered an indigenous as well as a diverse society, which gives emphasis on values, beliefs, kinship and gender relationship. The adaptations present in the land enable the Enga people live in their environment peacefully with a population of between 6000 to 9000 people. The impact of agricultural subsistence on the Enga community has been diverse as, starting from their ancestors up to present generations, they believe the working at land is the best treatment (Bonnemere, 2004). As a primary means of subsistence, men perform most heavy work including clearing, ditching, fencing, deep tilting and general farming. Women, on the other hand, remain with other family chores including maintaining the lands, ensuring round planting, harvesting the food and products, not forgetting processing of coffee after harvesting. The primary mode of subsistence for the Enga community has, therefore, transformed the community defining roles for all the community members. This is imperative as the current world encourages specialization and division of labor. Horticulture, which is the main mode of primary subsistence for the Enga people, has promoted varying societal and environmental changes. This is due to the ever-changing and dynamic world which imposes limitations upon all resources. For instance, the community has developed mechanisms of controlling population as well as means of reducing various risks (Rosman, Rubel & Weisgrau 2009). Horticulture remains the main subsistence of the Enga culture; however, due caution, the community realized it could not work under perceived risks such as potato diseases. The community developed various ways such as traditional methods of preservation to help in furthering stability of horticulture. This allows the Enga people to live within the environment full of constraints. Consequently, they are able to regulate performance of societal rituals, as well as share resources

Political Scenarios in World War II Japan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Political Scenarios in World War II Japan - Essay Example For the first six months the Japanese advance was virtually invincible: Hong Kong, Malaya, Singapore, Java and the Indies, the Philippines, Burma and the Andaman Islands, New Britain and the Solomons all fell to Japanese arms. However, a grave miscalculation of the spirit and resources of the nation's principal enemies had been committed by the Japanese leaders. Allied submarines, US island-hopping strategy and superior fire-power led to a reversal of Japan's position. From mid-1944 the fate turned against Japan. By mid-1945 military collapse was about to happen. When the United States dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in the summer of 1945, a complete collapse of the empire and surrender ensued. A military occupation, chiefly by US forces, lasted from 1945 to 1952. In 1947, Japan adopted a new constitution under US direction, renouncing war, granting basic human rights, and declaring Japan a democracy (O'Brien, 2000). US General Douglas MacArthur represented all the Allies in Japan after its defeat, but the occupation was nevertheless an almost exclusively US undertaking and to a very great extent MacArthur took his own decisions, without direct reference to Washington. He rejected the view that the Japanese would be better off without the age-old institution of the monarchy.

Service Learning Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Service Learning Report - Essay Example I devised ways to develop student’s interest in active learning experiencing increased classroom participation by the end of the Service Learning project. I developed a higher sense of flexibility as compared to the time prior to this project. Students are highly unpredictable and as a teacher, one has to make sure individual awkward situations do not interfere with the rest of the lesson/ activities. I am prepared to handle change in a better way which includes predicting, planning and effecting control measures that aim to deliver the primary objectives of the lesson. I have enhanced my team building and leading skills. This stems from appreciation of unique talents, skills and ability of students and linking them into productive units/ groups. I was able to determine weaknesses in students and utilized the students in delivering classroom content beyond the actual lesson period. This raised the confidence of the weak students who improved in their class participation. I have improved my communication skills especially through listening and interpretation. I worked more on reading the student’s body language to determine the most appropriate reaction to their contribution. The experience has taught me to reflect on every aspect of learning before, during and after the classroom sessions. This opens ways to criticize and respond to assignments at a higher level than plain reading and research. Reflection helps to internalize subject contents and enhances knowledge absorption to a level that can allow for appropriate application in real life. As a student, preparing for the lesson places one at a better position to understand the teacher and respond well to the classroom content. I am a dynamic individual who excellently connects with class work when the practical aspect is put into perspective. Despite being the tutor, the simulation of the culture in Saudi Arabia made me anticipate and recall a

Environment Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 9500 words

Environment Management - Essay Example Now environment watch agencies call upon the companies to make an 'environment audit' along with their annual financial figures. In fact, a 'green business' is not only good for the environment and humanity but good for business's bottom line as well, because it gives an opportunity to the enterprise for managing the waste, cutting costs on wasteful expenditure, conserving energy and preserving the natural balance. This results in; Care of environment is not a 'project' in isolation, it has to be a mission and the zeal must be seen in all parts of business right from constructing the building to the final output packaging and transportation etc. Globalization has also necessitated the need for uniformity in dealing with regulations concerning environment. Now encouragement is given to industries, which favor gas over coal and oil, as it lessens the possibility of acid rain and ozone layer depletion. Environmental regulations are being accordingly changed with a futuristic view on sustainable development and safeguarding environment (Bishop et al, 1994) According to the Manual for Managing a Responsible Business Enterprise (RBE) in emerging market economies, prepared by the US Department of Commerce (2004), an RBE is characterized by responsible business conduct at four different levels of its identity as an enterprise. These four levels are: 1. Compliance with the law 2. Risk management 3. Reputation enhancement 4. Value added to the community This conduct is determined by the business conduct of its owners, managers, employees, agents and other stakeholders of the company. The businesses operate within a complex system of interests and influences. Stakeholders all have power, someone has a formal power invested in a position of authority or it could be the social power of being able to persuade others to support or oppose the policies of the company. Therefore, these stakeholders play a crucial role in devising ethical functioning for the company. At times, companies tend to pass on a product whose use might damage the environment, stating that they are resorting to such sales owing to market demands. But, the customer asks for the product only because s/he hasn't sent the alternative product yet. Since the tried and tested product has been offering value for money, fulfilling the needs, therefore there is a demand for it. But once the alternative is there and customer is allowed to compare the features and values, s/he m ight be willing to pay for it as well. Peter Drucker (1986) the management guru said, "It is the customer who determines what a business is. For, it is the customer and he alone through being willing to pay for a good or service, converts economic resources into wealth, things into goods." Corporate governance structures and styles vary in the environment they

Police and Education Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 13250 words

Police and Education - Dissertation Example Different groups have different and often incompatible interests in the society which give rise to conflicts and eventually results in the incidence of crime. Police are the inevitable component of an ideal criminal justice system. They are primarily concerned with the responsibility for the maintenance of peace and enforcement of law and order. Of late, police duties have increased enormously and are becoming more and more diversified. The modern police force is to protect the public against physical dangers, rescue lives, regulate traffic and preserve law and order in the streets and public places. It has also a definite duty with regard to the prevention of juvenile delinquency and atrocities against women and children. The emergence of police has a historic context. With the upsurge of the modern scientific invention and improved living standard, the crime rate has drastically increased in the society. The necessity of curbing crimes has led people taking a serious note for the formation of Police force for the purpose of the protection of their lives and property and eliminates the criminalities from the society. The historical backgr ound of the origin of Police traces its back much earlier. The word Police has been derived from the Greek word politeia or its Latin equivalent politia. The term politia stands for the state or administration. In the present context, the term police connote a body of civil servants whose primary duties are the preservation of order, prevention and detection of crimes and enforcement of crimes.... With the upsurge of modern scientific invention and improved living standard, the crime rate has drastically increased in the society. Consequently, the necessity of curbing crimes has led people taking a serious note for the formation of police force for the purpose of the protection of their lives and property and eliminates the criminalities from the society. The historical background of the origin of police traces its back much earlier. The word Police has been derived from the Greek word politeia or its Latin equivalent politia . The term politia stands for the state or administration. In the present context, the term police connote a body of civil servants whose primary duties are the preservation of order, prevention and detection of crimes and enforcement of crimes. Marine police in London and the Napoleonic Police of Paris established in 1800 can be regarded as the first Modern police forces of the world. However, with the rise of FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation) and Lo ndon Metropolitan Police in US and UK respectively, police forces started to be seen as the prime law enforcement agency of the State. Although policing involves a huge variety of activities, the prominent ones are law and order maintenance and the stipulation of services (Cohen, 1972). Police forces are given different names like police department, police service, constabulary, gendarmerie, militsiya, etc. Police in United States of America Before United States came under the influence of the Britain, the civilians performed the function of night-watchman by rotation with a view to protecting the society from crimes and criminals. These watch and ward arrangement proved ineffective to control growing incidence of crime and disorder in

Nightmare Cover Art Essay Example for Free

Nightmare Cover Art Essay Avenged Sevenfold is an American heavy metal band from Huntington Beach, California. The band was formed in 1999. Presently, they consist of Matt Shadows(Vocalist), Johnny Christ(Bassist), Zacky Vengeance(Rhythm Guitarist) and Synyster Gates(Lead guitarist). Matt Sanders(M. Shadows); the lead singer of the band is one of the original founding members. He came up with the band name on being inspired by the fourth chapter in the Book of Genesis. It involves God asking Cain where his brother, Abel was. Cain answered that he didnt know, when in fact, he had killed Abel. †¦ whoever kills you will suffer seven times the vengeance. (Genesis 4:15, International Standard Version). Jonathan Seward(Johnny Christ) is the fourth bassist, and joined the band while he was still in High School in the year 2003. He is the youngest and shortest in the band. Zack Baker(Zacky Vengeance) is the band’s left-handed rhythm guitarist and backup vocalist. Zacky was a self-taught guitarist and would play his dad’s right-handed guitar upside-down by watching his favourite bands play and other people he knew that played, and practised as much as he could. Brian Haner Jr.(Synyster Gates) plays the lead guitar, and does backup vocals for the band. His father is Brian Haner. He also plays in some Avenged Sevenfold tracks. He mostly plays acoustic guitar solos that duel back and forth with Synysters electric guitar and also helped his son write So Far Away, a track on the band’s latest album that Brian had finished writing in memory of his late best friend and band-mate, Jimmy The Rev Sullivan. The Rev was known to the world as one of the greatest drummers of all time. He passed away on 28th December 2009, due to an accidental overdose of prescription drugs. Avenged Sevenfold kicked off with a metalcore sound on their first album ‘Sounding the Seventh Trumpet’, which included a lot of screaming vocals and heavy-metal guitar riffs. They then changed their style on their third release, ‘City of Evil’, which featured more of a mainstream hard rock style. They have still retained their heavy metal feel by using blazing guitar solos and blistering double-bass drumming patterns, while keeping their musical aggression at a minimum level compared to their earlier work which makes their music all the more appealing to the larger crowd. â€Å"The Rev ‘Seized the Day’ to conquer the ‘City of Evil’ in ‘Bat Country’, and forced the ‘Beast and the Harlot’ to ‘Scream’ their ‘Unholy Confessions’. He left them ‘Trashed and Scattered’ and ‘Blinded In Chains’ with the ‘Strength of the World’. He found it ‘Almost Easy’ and became a ‘Sidewinder’ and slithered to ‘A Little Piece of Heaven’ in his ‘Afterlife’, now he is ‘M.I.A.’ and his ‘Nightmare’ has come to pass. RIP Jimmy The Rev Sullivan, youre gone but NEVER forgotten!† Sevenfold, A. (n.d.). Quote by Avenged Sevenfold. Retrieved December 10th, 2012 from http://www.goodreads.com/quotes/308559-the-rev-seized-the-day-to-conquer-the-city-of This meaningful quote is a tribute to the late legend and also uses quite a few of Avenged Sevenfold’s track names as characteristics of the quote to convey a very important message about The Rev’s personality. Avenged Sevenfold has released five studio albums, fifteen singles, and one live album/compilation. The album artwork of their latest album ‘Nightmare’ deeply reflects on the music and the band’s life without their beloved friend, The Rev. The musicality has advanced since their emergence and this is their most technically advance album yet. At first glance, it’s no doubt that the band is Avenged Sevenfold. Not just because of the text stating the obvious, but because of their signature symbol that they have made known all over the world as the Deathbat. It was originally designed by their high school friend named Micah Montague. The Deathbat is the key element in almost any Avenged Sevenfold image or poster and has also appeared on every album cover, many of which were done by Cameron Rackam, a close acquaintance of the band. Another key element in this album’s artwork is the noticeable highlighting of the alphabets ‘REV’ in the word ‘Forever’ on the tombstone. There is a pretty deep connection through which emotions pla y a major role as to how the overall message is being conveyed, which in this case is the fact that The Rev; who was by no doubt a great person and who was loved by the whole world; has moved on into his afterlife and that his memories will be treasured in everyone’s hearts and minds ‘foREVer’. With regard to color theory, it’s safe to say that Nightmare’s album art is analogous in nature. Ranging from the green(dark; leaves) end to the blue end of the color spectrum wheel. In terms of temperature, this artwork has been designed to incline more towards the cooler half of the spectrum as it can be easily inferred because of its blue sky, especially at the point where the smoke is lighter in colour, in turn providing a chilled and cold effect. The girl’s pale skin is also a sign of fear which is a marvellous combination of taking the word ‘cold’ both, literally as well as metaphorically. The fonts used are pretty spooky too. The frequent uneven thickness in certain parts of different letters in ‘Avenged Sevenfold’ makes it the most noticeable component of the art. Also, as it is white in colour, it stands out from the rest of the contrasting colours. The red ‘Nightmare’ is the only warm colour used in the entire cover. It must be so because the artist was trying to convey feelings of passion and love towards their late friend. But also since the font has more edgy feel to it, it could have slight traces of anger and anxiety too. The deathbat here is no longer just a floating skull with small wings. The symbolism used here shows that the band has grown in maturity as well as musically; hence the large deathbat with a cloak covering its presently unknown body. The album is titled ‘Nightmare’ as it is a dark word that sends shivers down one’s spine. They’ve used a good combination of the cold environment in the picture along with the hot portrayal of the album-name(red in colour). It is called so because on the day they completed writing the record’s lyrics, The Rev admitted that he was totally excited and eager to record this album. But sadly, he passed away three days after that. This came as a shock to everyone and was a nightmare to the band. Hence they dedicated this album to him. Every time I look at the cover while listening to any of this album’s songs, it feels as though a story is being told. Every song is a reminder of The Rev and that was another reason why this album topped the billboard charts, standing at #1 in the first week itself. This album really connected to all Avenged Sevenfold fans.

CSR and Corporate Identity

CSR and Corporate Identity Assignment Question : Outline a research question that can be investigated using qualitative methods. Describe a plan for how you will research that question. Your plan should include strategies for both data collection and data analysis. The rationale for the adoption of a particular form of data collection and analysis must be presented. 1. Introduction The purpose of this research is to investigate the gap between ideals and practices on corporate identity through corporate social responsibility (CSR) and build up practical findings to help corporations narrow the gap thus enabling them to enhance their CSR identity for both companies and employees. This study will focus on the case of large Korean corporations the so called ‘chaebol corporations (henceforth, chaebols). Chaebols are interesting cases to conduct CSR related research because chaebols use CSR for substituting their distorted corporate image and identity as ‘unethical, coming from illegal acts and unsound governance structure. In this sense, chaebols can be considered appropriate cases are currently grappling with a big gap between ideals and practices as the same pertain to their CSR identity. Exploring CSR identity and its effects on practice in chaebols will provide practical indications about the relationship between corporate identity strategy and its employees implementation and theoretical implications on chaebol related research. With multiple-case study strategy, this study will start by looking at corporate CSR identity on the organisational perspectives in case companies. Following this, the study will explore employees perception on corporate identity and CSR activities to identify and examine the factors that influence employee corporate identity and encourage employee participation in CSR activities. This is achieved using a triangulation method. This includes semi-structured interviews, focus group interviews and documentary analysis. In this paper, I will design the research plan with methodological strategy, data collection strategy and data analysis strategy including rationales respectively. 2. Research Questions Assumptions Research Questions The research questions will focus on exploring how CSR identity is conceptualised by companies and employees and how that resulting identity influences CSR practices in reality. Thus, the primary research questions are as follows: Q1. How do corporations conceptualise their CSR identity ? Q2. How does corporate identity formed at the organisational level influence the ethical identity of employees? Q3. What are the connections between the organisational level identity of CSR and employees participation in CSR activities? Assumptions Assumptions grounded in the logic of multi-faceted model of corporate identity (Soenen and Moingeon 2002) and employee performances are as bellow. This multi-faceted model of identity is not a measurement and it provides 5 categories of identity. A1. Corporate identity of CSR will affect employees participation for social activities. A2. Employees participation in CSR activities will increase when corporate identity and their strategies are aligned. A3. Professed identity will not affect employees participation in CSR activities. A4. Employees participation in CSR activities will be influenced by four types of identities when they are matched with each other. 3. Research Design (1) Research Method and Justifications This research will be conducted with a qualitative method. According to Creswell (2003), the main reason of using the qualitative method for research is because of exploratory character of study. As this study focuses on the perspectives of both the corporation itself and that of employees about CSR identity and CSR activities, qualitative methods of research and analysis are adopted. A qualitative method enables in-depth exploration of the CSR identity and, simultaneously, aid in understanding the conceptual relationships between ideals and practice about CSR identity and CSR activities. Moreover, as corporate identity which is formed by socially agreed concepts, and CSR, which has discursively constructed concepts, are both rather subjective, and changeable depending on the particular organisation, qualitative approach is more appropriate to understand how these identities can be conceptualised and formed in an organisational context. Comparing to qualitative methods, a quantitative approach rather focuses consideration on measurements and quantities of the traits established by the people or events of studies (Murray 2003). (2) Epistemological Approach While much research used quantitative method mainly takes a position of a functionalist or positivist stance, qualitative research can take almost all possible epistemological positions (Gephart 1999 ; Symon and Cassell 2004). This research overall takes an interpretive epistemological view with technically along with realistic point of view. While this research focuses on the specific cases of chaebols, the aim is not a generalization of findings. Instead, the findings might represent chaebol related issues. Taking an interpretivist view, sampling of target cases will be purposeful (Daymon and Holloway 2002) rather than being statistically and randomly representative sample. (3) Methodological Strategy and Technical Epistemological Justification Case Study Strategy Justifications This research will take the multiple-case study strategy as its methodological research strategy. There are two reasons for choosing a case study. First, as mentioned above, CSR itself is a very arguable concepts and the impact of CSR can vary depending on corporations conditions (Cho and Hong 2009) and corporate identity matters as well. As case study methodology draws insight from data gathered in research ( Stern 1998; Borgerson, Schroeder et al. 2009), to explore CSR and identity on both organisational and employees perspectives, it is a useful method to understand matters within the organisation context and obtain in-depth and empirical knowledge on them. Secondly, the case study approach is for this research as it enables the use of interview methods and company documents to collect data (Yin 2003) and also, verify the validity of the collected data. As for more replicable evidence, this research is based on multiple-case study of chaebol corporations. Ten cases are sufficient replications to obtain external validity. Compared to single-case designs, the evidence which is derived from multiple-case studies tends to be more compelling and being more powerful (Hersen and Barlow 1976 ; Yin 2003). The case sampling strategy will be explained in the data collection section. Even though the level of analysis is organisational, the unit of analysis is individual for example, managers and non-managerial employees who are directly and indirectly related to CSR identity and CSR activities in their organisations. (4) Data Collection Strategy and Technical Epistemological Justification 1) Triangulation Method The methods to gather the data will be triangulation methods: semi-structured in-depth interviews, focus group interviews and documentary analyses. The triangulation method is helpful to get an external validity in this research. Data sets obtained from each of 10 multiple-cases will be triangulated as figure 1. Semi-structured in-depth interviews A semi-structured interview will be conducted with managers and employees in the CSR department and strategy department. These informants can provide more specific and in-depth knowledge about their own experiences in face-to-face interviews. Even though other methods such as telephone or internet interviews, can also be carried out under the qualitative interview paradigm (King 2004), this research which deals with Korean managers and workers requires face-to-face interviews due to the greater importance of Korean culture in which direct contact can aid in obtaining greater details of the thoughts and experiences of interviewees. Focus Group interviews A focus group interview will be held with managers in other strategy related departments and with employees who have experience in CSR activities. The motivation for adopting this approach is that it allows participants to discuss their thinking and ideas about the CSR strategy and CSR identity with their colleagues at which point the similarities and differences on the perceptions of the participants about CSR can be investigated with greater ease. The advantage of using the focus group interview method at this stage is that it enables participants to get an idea from their colleagues so that they can reflect back on their thinking and their own experiences (King 2004). The questions which will be asked in the interviews will vary depending on the targets. In managerial level interviews, interviewees will be asked about how they conceptualise and identify CSR in terms of the 4 categories of responsibilities as classified by Carroll (Carroll 1999). In the non-managerial level interviews, interviewees will be asked about how they define their corporate identity in terms of CSR and how these identities affect their CSR participation. All of the interviews will be tape-recorded with the interviewees permission for later transcription. Documentary Analysis With regards to the validity of data collection, I will use the triangulation method with documentary analysis in addition to the focus group interview and the semi-structured interview. With respect to the documentary analysis, I will use CSR annual reports which are organised according to reporting guidelines (e.g. GRI Guideline). These reports will be accessed via companies webpage. 2) Sampling Strategy The case companies will be selected according to the ‘Most admirable companies in Korea 2009 ranking complied by the Korea Management Association (KMA). This index ranks companies, according to a consumer survey and employee survey, in terms of the companies ethical image and identity. If ranked in the top level, the company is considered to be, to some extent, ethical and philanthropic and is considered to have CSR strategies and programmes that are more systematically designed than those of other companies. After selecting the 10 top ranked companies as sample cases, interview targets will be selected by a purposive sampling strategy. This is because CSR requires professional knowledge through strategy planning and implementation at the organisational level. In this sense, managerial levels and non-managerial levels in CSR related departments will be considered the target samples for semi-structured in-depth interviews. Those located in other departments will be the target sa mple on focus group interviews. I will contact these targets by email and telephone and in some of the aforementioned cases, have already established initial connections. 3) Epistemological justifications In terms of epistemological position, this research will have realist assumptions interviewees accounts are assumed to indicate awareness about their actual experiences of CSR involvement. This realist approach will make it possible to gather more accurate accounts by comparing the findings from the interview with the documentary analysis. In qualitative research, interview methods aim â€Å"to see the research topic from the perspectives of the interviewee and understanding how and why they come to have this particular perspective† (King 2004). As this research takes the realist approach, the interview will be more structured and systematically prepared compared to, for example, interviews conducted by constructivists or phenomenologists (Pawson and Tilley 1997). 5) Data Analysis Strategy 1) Template Analysis Epistemological Justification Analysis of this research will be conducted via the templates technique. According to King (2004), template analysis as a set of techniques that can be used in realist work. It admits a positivistic position and is particularly useful for research that aims to compare different or similar perspectives of target groups within an organisational context (King 2004). In this sense, this research which relies on realistic epistemological viewpoints and is aims to examine CSR concepts and identity strategy as perceived by corporations and employees, templates analysis provides the most suitable way to produce a list of theme codes which, in turn, derive the concepts and definitions of CSR identity from the informants own words within a theoretical framework thus enabling the analysis to develop new theoretical and empirical implications. As mentioned previously, this research will focus on how corporations and employees perceive CSR concepts and identity from their experience on corporations CSR strategy and implementation, which means the words and expressions coming from their own perceptions, can be extremely varied. Therefore, creating the initial template with a few defined codes (King 2004) and starting with this initial template will be a very helpful to guide analysis as well as to collect data. Compared to other techniques such as grounded theory and repertory grids, this research starts with a theoretical framework and needs organisational level analysis. Using the template analysis, the process of conducting research will proceed as follows. First, to construct the initial template, interview guides will be prepared from a literature review and informal anecdotal evidence from the authors own experience. This interview guide will include minimum information so as to gain more ideas from the interviewees. Thus, the initial template will begin in a simplified format and consist of the 3 highest-order codes and two or three subdivided lower-order codes. It will then be subject to a processes of insertion and deletion with changes in the higher-order classifications (King 2004) after the first focused group interviews. For this, at the beginning of the first focus group interview, interviewees will be asked to express their opinions and perceptions on CSR under the three highest-order codes and several lower-order codes following the brief topic guideline. They focus group interviewees can then proceed with their discussions. After each interview, the initial template will be edited and added with some new codes if the issues are not found to be covered by the presented codes. 4. Limitations Conclusions This study has limitations in terms of generalization due to the small sample size. This is because a small number of respondents cannot be representative of the entire companys view, even though the propositions are proved by the respondents. The findings from this qualitative study may, thus, be considered preliminary. Further research, conducted using larger samples and adopting longitudinal analysis can aid to make the findings of the present research more robust. Moreover, given their unique governance system and political background in social context (Kim and Lee 2003), at present, chaebol related research tends to be conducted with an institutionalist approach. However, in this research, these factors are excluded as the focus is being kept on the organisational and individual level of the perception making process. This study will show the gap of corporate identity between ideals and practices and how employees are influenced by corporate identity in CSR practices. By using qualitative approaches with a case study strategy, this research will have practical implications for managers who work in CSR departments, viz., it will identify how to connect their strategy to employees ethical identification and participation. Reference Borgerson, J. L., J. E. Schroeder, et al. (2009). Corporate communication, ethics, and operational identity: A case study of Benetton. Business Ethics: A European Review 18(3): 209-223. Carroll, A. B. (1999). Corporate Social Responsiblity. Business Society 38(3): 268-295. Cho, S. and Y. Hong (2009). Netizens evaluations of corporate social responsibility: Contents analysis of CSR news stories and online readers comments. Public Relations Review 35: 147-149. Creswell, J. W. (2003). Research Design Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. Thousand Oaks, California, Sage Publications, Inc. Daymon, C. and I. Holloway (2002). Qualitative Research Method in Public Relations and Marketing Communications. London, Routledge. Gephart, R. (1999). Paradigms and Research Methods. Research Methods Forum 4. Hersen, M. and D. H. Barlow (1976). Single-case Experimental Designs: Strategies for Studying Behavior New York, Pergamon. Kim, B. and I. Lee (2003). Agency problems and performance of Korean companies during the Asian financial crisis: Chaebol vs. non-chaebol firms. Pacific-Basin Finance Journal 11(327-348). King, N., Ed. (2004). Using Interviews in Qualitative Research. Essential Guide to Qualitative Methods in Organizational Research. London, SAGE Publications Ltd. King, N., Ed. (2004). Using Templates in the Thematic Analysis of Text. Essential Guide to Qualitative Methods in Organizational Research. London, SAGE Publications Inc. Murray, T. R. (2003). Blending Qualitative and Quantitative Research Methods in Theses and Dissertations. Thousand Oaks, California, Corwin Press, Inc. Pawson, R. and N. Tilley (1997). Realistic Evaluation. London, SAGE Publications Inc. Soenen, G. and B. Moingeon, Eds. (2002). The five facets of collective identities. Integrating corporate and organizational identity. Corporate and Organizational Identities: Integrating Strategy, Marketing, Communication and Organizational Perspectives. London, Routledge. Stern, B. B., Ed. (1998). Representing Consumers: Voices, Views and Visions. New York, Routledge. Symon, G. and C. Cassell, Eds. (2004). Promoting New Research Practices in Organizational Research. Essential Guide to Qualitative Methods in Organizational Research. London, SAGE Publications Ltd. Yin, R. K. (2003). Case Study Research: Design and Methods. Thousand Oaks, CA, SAGE Publications.

Ryanairs Strategic Management Practices

Ryanairs Strategic Management Practices Introduction The aim of this assignment is to explore Ryanairs strategic management practices through the theory of core competencies developed by Prahalad and Hamel (1990). Ryanair operates in the low cost carriers (LCC) industry and experienced success since the launch of its operations. Ryanairs successful strategic management position is reflected in the optimisation of its internal processes offering value to customers whilst eliminating waste. By developing a set of core competencies, Ryanair has been able to develop a strong market position while transporting millions of customers every year. The first part of the essay provides a brief overview of the company and the industry in which it operates. This section outlines the key competing forces and argues for the companys cost leadership approach towards its strategy. The second section outlines the core competence theory developed by Prahalad and Hamel (1990). This section briefly summarises the theory and its assumptions. The third section discusses the application of the strategic theory to Ryanair. This section argues that Ryanairs core competencies concern not only the efficient utilisation of its tangible resources (e.g. aircraft, contract on destinations with airports), but also intangible resources (e.g. market share, reputation, customer loyalty). Brief overview of Ryanair Ryanair gained its reputation as a low cost carrier (LCC) throughout Europe by following the SouthWest business model (Strategic Direction, 2006) (see Appendix 1 for a comparison between the two models). This model included the delivery of a no- frill service whilst offering a point-to-point service and short haul routes to secondary and regional airports. By competing on cost, Ryanair was able to offer cheap tickets to a range of European destinations with the result of changing how customers perceived their travelling experience. Ryanair was able to offer competitive prices by reducing operational costs through the utilisation of its aircrafts. In particular, by avoiding a hub-and-spoke service, creating short haul journeys, scrapping the traditional system of ticket production and seat reservation and in-flight meals, the company was able to increase the number of journeys whilst reducing costs. Moreover, the use of secondary and regional airports offer less handling costs, fewer terminal delays, and greater airport access. According to Datamonitor (2010) as of June, 2009, the company offers over 1,200 scheduled short-haul flights per day serving 145 locations throughout Europe and Morocco, with an operating fleet of 196 aircrafts. The company operates through approximately 845 routes (p.6). The scale of the companys operations indicates its positive reception by consumers seeking to reduce travelling costs whilst increasing the frequency of trips to European destinations. Current trends in the Low Cost Carrier (LCC) Market 3.1 A different approach to airplane transportation Malighetti, et al (2010) argue that the growth behind the LCC market is underpinned by the consumers increasing interest in using airplanes not as a luxurious mode of transportation but as an opportunity for travelling to new destinations at a minimum cost. According to Huttinger (2006) many countries perceived the airlines as a state institution and their reason for existence as a fulfilment of public needs (p.229). The same idea is also expressed by Pitt and Brown (2001) who argue that the development of a differentiated strategy allowed the LCC firms to create a new niche. Dobruszkes (2009) argues that efforts towards deregulating the industry by the EU allowed airline firms to introduce changes in their way of operation. Lack of regulation meant fewer restrictions as to how the airlines needed to design and perform their operations (e.g. ticketing system, destinations, etc) (Dobruszkes, 2009) According to Strategic Direction (2007a, 2007b, 2007c) the emerging opportunities developing from deregulation were followed by the SouthWest business model in the USA. This model was not only copied but also extended by companies like Ryanair and Easy Jet in Europe (Barrett, 2004). As Figure 1 illustrates, a steady increase in the number of passengers carried between LCC firms can be noted. For example, whereas Virgin Atlantic achieved 28.9% growth, in contrast, Ryanair achieved 171.9% for the number of passengers carried. The difference in volume is evidence of the consumers growth and changing travel needs. Figure 1 Scheduled passengers carried, 2002-06 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 % change m m m m m 2002-06 easyJet 11.4 20.3 24.3 29.6 33.7 +195.6 Ryanair 14.9 21.3 26.6 33.7 40.5 +171.8 Flybe 2.6 3.2 5.5 +111.5 bmibaby 0.7 2.8 3.3 3.6 4.1 +583.3 Monarch na na 2 2.6 3.2 na Virgin Atlantic 3.8 3.8 4.3 4.5 4.9 +28.9 BMI 7.5 9.4 10.5 10.5 10.5 +40 BA (est) 40 38 36.1 35.7 35.6 -11 Source: Company data/CAA UK airline statistics/Mintel A key trend in the LCC market has not only been the consumers attention on cost but also opportunity for travelling to new destinations within Europe (Malighetti, et. al. 2010). As Pitfield (2008) argues, following the recent economic credit crunch the new business model favoured the LCC. Cost became a differentiating factor in the way consumers made their purchasing choices on travel (Pitfield, 2008). Moreover, from Figure 2 it can be noted that the competition between the LCC remains fierce. Ryanair and Easy Jet are the largest competitors in Europe sharing the greatest volume of passengers travelling. According to Gillen and Lall (2004) such growth is attributed to a) the number of destinations already served by the airliners, b) the reputation on cost and c) the development of a strategy that allows them to utilise resources whilst minimising waste. Efficiency remains a key attribute to the development of competitive advantage in this market. This is because excessive costs contr ibute to the firms cost structure. This means that for a LCC firm to remain competitive such company needs to sustain its levels of efficiency whilst improving the value chain with which the service is delivered. Figure 2: Passengers carried in 2006 Source: Mintel/Company data (2007) 3.2 Ryanairs cost leadership strategy According to Porter (1980, 1985) there are three types of strategies companies can adopt in an industry. These are a) cost leadership, b) differentiation strategy, and c) focus strategy. A cost leadership remains effective depending on the volume of customers served. Such strategy focuses on achieving economies of scale by maximising its profit margins through the maximised over volume of sales. In contrast, a differentiation strategy is based on the specific attributes of a service and/or product that competitors are not able to offer (Porter, 1987). The distinctive features that are unique to such service/product differentiate the companys competitive power (Porter, 1996). A focus strategy concerns a firms concentration on a particular segment in the market (e.g. consumers, product, health-related products) with the result of creating new barriers of entry for other competitors to enter (Porter, 1987). Such barriers are created because of the tacit knowledge (e.g. methods of produc tion) that is needed in order to develop the product and/or service. Ryanair is adopting a cost leadership approach to strategy. As Figure 4 shows, when comparing the companys prices against competitors and for the same destinations the cost difference remains considerable. Mintel (2007) notes that the company aims to turn flights around within 25 minutes and routes are consistently the shortest of all the Low Cost Carriers (LCCs). Wood (2004) and Boru (2006) argue that even though this cost leadership strategy has proven effective, nevertheless, it has been difficult for Ryanair to maintain it without influencing the quality of service offered to customers. In particular, Boru (2006) argues that Ryanairs hard approach on cost has resulted in a hostile behaviour towards customers. Ryanairs couldnt-care-less approach to customer care also applies to refunds and baggage. Not only are refunds never paid out, even if a passengers travel plans are disrupted by the death of a grandparent, but the bereaved customer is told to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ for having the temerity to ask (Boru, 2006, p.50). Datamonitor also reports various lawsuits, claims, and legal proceedings, arising in the ordinary course of its business. Some of these legal proceedings and claims seek damages, fines, or penalties in substantial amounts or remediation of environmental contamination (p.7). The implication of this argument is that even though cons umers continue to fly with Ryanair, they nevertheless remain weary of its behaviour to their changing travelling needs. Figure 4: Comparative fare levels (same booking date and approximate departure times Source: OHiggins in Johnson G, Scholes, K, Whittington, R. (2008, p.839) Mintel (2007) argues that in order for Ryanair to increase its revenues, it tends to engage in making incremental increases on costs that remain hidden to consumers. For example, consumers are being charged to pay for advance boarding to seat reservations, sports equipment to extra baggage and others. OHiggins (2008) mentions for example that a disabled man won a landmark case against Ryanair after it charged him  £18 for a wheelchair he needed at Stansted Airport to get from the check-in desk to the aircraft. The passenger was awarded  £1,336 in compensation from Ryanair, as the UK based Disability Commission said it may launch a class action against the airline on behalf of 35 other passengers (p.834). Such hidden costs generated a negative image for the companys low cost reputation. Donne (2004) and Groom (2004) argue that customers dislike extra charges and seek to withdraw their loyalty for carriers that are not committed to their quality of service on the grounds of reducing costs. Figure 5: Customer complaints Source: in Johnson G, Scholes, K, Whittington, R. (2008, p.842) The implication of this argument is that Ryanairs successful strategy remains contingent to the changing trends in the environment. As Figure 3 illustrates, the process of strategy formulation and evolution goes through a cycle where application needs to conform to the changing conditions of the environment. This means that Ryanair needs to develop a different approach to its cost leadership strategy by introducing modifications to its model. This can be done by placing greater importance on the customers perceptions of satisfaction rather than just promoting the selling of low cost tickets. Figure 3 Aspects of Strategy formulation and evolution Source: Chaharbaghi and Willis (1998:1022) Core Competencies Theory According to Johnson et al (2008) Chaharbaghi and Willis (1998) the study of strategic management is concerned with understanding how an organisation can realise its corporate goals through the manipulation of its tangible and intangible resources. According to Ansof (1984) strategic management can be defined as a systematic approach to a major and increasingly important responsibility of general management: to position and relate the firm to its environment in a way which will assure its continued success and make it secure from surprises. (p. xv) According to Raduan, et al. (2009) strategic management can be seen as a combination of strategy formulation, implementation and evaluation (p.406) According to Mintzberg et al (1998) there are two principle schools of thought that influenced the discourse on strategic management over time. These are characterised as the a) design school and the b) emergent school. The design school argues for the importance of careful planning. Lidtka (2000) for example argues that the orchestration of processes can lead to the achievement over the intended strategic corporate outcomes. The emergent school was influenced by the work of Mintzberg (1979, 1983) and argues for the managements inability to manage uncertainty in the course of realising its corporate goals. Mintzberg (1983) argues that the role of strategic management is to adjust a firms intentions according to the shifting conditions of the environment. Such conditions cannot be known a priori but only realised at the time of their development (Mintzberg, et al (1998). Cunah and Cunah (2006) also support this idea by arguing that firms developed their strategic positions by an emerg ent process resulting from managers and employees improvisations in response to the realities of the market (p.839). In the discourse between the two schools, Prahalad and Hamel (1990) developed the theory of core competencies. This theory argues for a firms ability to develop specific competencies which are intertwined with the employees tacit knowledge and expertise. Core competencies remain context-specific and are not easily transferable because of the specificity of the employees knowledge and skills that help maintain it. According to Grà ¶ÃƒÅ¸ler (2007) core competencies represent a firms capabilities created by the complex interaction of its resources combined with implicit or explicit knowledge about the effective combination of these resources (p.252). According to Prahalad and Hamel (1994) the implication of this argument is that the innovative capability of a firm remains closely located in its awareness of the employees skills and their continuing development. Hence, the process of fostering core competencies comprises the development of qualities which concern the advancement of products/services which are intertwined with a set of skills which are people-specific (Hamel, 1996). As Figure 4 illustrates, performance remains an outcome of the interaction between capabilities and resources. Such a process is dynamic and not static, which means that the firm is in a continuing process of identifying and strengthening its core competencies over time (Goold, 1996). Figure 4 Relationship between resources, capabilities and performance Performance Capabilities Resources Source: Adapted from Grà ¶ÃƒÅ¸ler (2007, p.253) Having outlined the theory of core competencies the following section will discuss its application on Ryanair. Assessing Ryanairs strategy through its core competencies 5.1 Waste minimisation and improvement making According to Lawton (1999) and Done (2004) Ryanairs core competencies are identified in its ability to discover and remove operations that do not add value to customers. Prices can be reduced when unnecessary processes are eradicated and/or improved. Pietfeld (2008) argues how the increase in efficiency is an activity that needs to move beyond the process of careful planning. Gillen and Lall (2004) argue that Ryanair has instilled an improvement-making strategy that resides in its corporate culture. This means, that employees can take real-time initiatives which are then evaluated and implemented by the management on the organisation as a whole (Leavy, 2003). Lawton (1999) argues that the management of the organisation remains unable to detect deficiencies as employees are the ones who have immediate contact with customers. Hence, the process of introducing quality improvements requires the necessary organisational structure to allow initiative-taking by employees whilst these are also supported by the management layer. According to OSullivan and Gunningle (2009) the literature on initiative-taking by employees remains subject to criticism. This is because employees can indicate areas of improvement but such suggestions may not be readily applicable. However, a core competency developed by Ryanair is the development of an organisational structure where the corporate culture allows them to take initiatives which are then institutionalised. The management is responsible for the development of the necessary regulations, policies and procedures that can accommodate initiatives (Barrett, 2004). The implication of this activity is that the firm is able to swiftly respond to the customers changing needs with little delay. This core competency remains difficult to copy by competitors because it resides within their existing work ethic and cultural values of employees that has matured over time. A criticism that is expressed against Ryanair, and in contrast to its effort to increase levels of efficiency, concerns the absence of unions that may exercise resistance to the managements growing demands. By increasing the array of responsibilities, employees are required to achieve performance targets, OSullivan and Gunningale (2009) argue that Ryanair has created excessive demands on employees that are not accounted for in their salary. 5.2 Utilisation of Resources A second core competence concerns Ryanairs ability to maximise the volume of customers travelling whilst increasing the number of routes offered. Barrett (2004) argues that the shorter turnaround times permit more journeys per day per plane which, coupled with the higher seat density of Ryanair planes, generate lower seat mile costs (p.92). Delays result to high maintenance costs in servicing aircrafts (Barrett, 2004). Such costs, in turn, can result in reducing the number of destinations offered in the first place. Gillen and Lall (2004) argue that a faster turn improves utilization of all factors of production such as aircraft, gates, ground equipment and labour (p.44). Ryanairs core competency concerns its capacity to maximise the utilisation of its aircrafts whilst also maximising the number of routes offered. However, such utilisation requires the management of the employees contribution for knowing how resources need to be managed. The exercise of knowledge and training remain task-specific. Employees understand how their contribution, at one segment in the business, can have a wider contribution on the companys performance as a whole. Ryanair demonstrates synergy in managing array of operations that include a) the management of its network routes, b) the punctuality with which aircrafts turnaround, and c) the employees capability to manage an increase in volume of passengers. Such understanding is embedded onto the employees. As Prahalad and Hamel (1990) argue, a competency remains difficult to replicate by competitors because it is context-specific, and subject to the tacit knowledge and skills produced in the first place. Ryanairs ability to utilise its resources whilst maintaining a cost leadership strategy results from the combination between the employees knowledge and the utilisation of its resources. Figure 5 illustrates the companys efforts to increase levels of efficiency between 2002 and 2003. A complementary dimension to the utilisation of resources is the creation of new destinations. Datamonitor (2010) argues that in January 2010, the company introduced 25 new routes to/from Alicante, Barcelona Reus, Barcelona Girona, Bratislava, Bristol, Cork, East Midlands, London Stansted, Milan Bergamo, and Pescara. In the following month, the company announced opening three new routes from Edinburgh to Faro, Marrakech, and Paris. It also launched six new routes to the Greek holiday destinations of Kos, Rhodes and Volos (p.6). The creation of new routes is subject to the companys core competencies for sustaining its cost-leadership strategy whilst expanding the destinations offered. This means that by attracting a larger volume of passengers travelling, Ryanair achieves economies of scales that help maximise its profit margins. By achieving a high seat-filling-capacity Ryanair can sustain its standard maintenance costs whilst improving on revenues. Moreover, such strategy can create barriers of entry to competitors (Dobruszkes, 2009). By gaining entry to the new network routes, other airline companies (e.g. Easy Jet, Air Lingus, etc) have greater difficulty in competing for the same destinations. Figure 5: Ryanair operating statistics between 2002 and 2003 Source: OHiggins in Johnson, et al. (2008, p.846). Conclusion The aim of this essay has been to explore Ryannairs strategic management practices. By making use of the theory of core competencies as developed by Prahalad and Hamel (1990) this essay argued for the companys cost-leadership strategy that is sustained through its efforts to minimise waste and improve efficiency. Even though Ryanairs business model has proved successful, at the same time, there is growing criticism regarding the evidence indicating the company undermining the quality of its customer service. Even though consumers continue to use Ryanair for its efficient service and low cost prices the company is struggling to avoid the mounting criticism concerning the introduction of hidden costs and lack of adequate customer service (Wood, 2004, Boru, 2006). This essay argued that the companys core competencies concentrate on improving levels of efficiency at the operational level. There are two areas in which this occurs. The first is by developing an organisational culture where employees are encouraged to take initiatives in order to reduce operations that do not add value to customers (OHiggins, 2009). The second area concerns Ryanairs ability to maximise the utilisation of resources whilst expanding on the number of destinations offered (Dobruszkes, 2009). According to Prahalad and Hamel (1990) it can be argued that Ryanairs business model remains difficult to copy by competitors because the synergies created are subject to the employees knowledge and experience. Such knowledge remains contextual and task specific.Such core competence is difficult to transfer by merely migrating the methods and tools used. However, this essay also argued that perceptions of value need to be reconsidered by Ryanair. This is because value is not only subject to the low cost prices offered but also to the quality of customer service which includes the companys attitude towards responding to complaints and avoiding the misrepresentation of information as well as hidden cost s. References Ansoff, H.I. (1984) Implanting Strategic Management. Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice Hall. Barrett, D. S. (2004) The sustainability of the Ryanair model, International Journal of Transport Management Vol.2, pp. 89-98 Boru, B. (2006) Ryanair: the Cu ´ Chulainn of civil aviation, Journal of Strategic Marketing, Vol.14, pp.45-55 Chaharbaghi, K. and Willis, R. (1998) Strategy: the missing link between continuous revolution and constant evolution, International Journal of Operations Production Management, Vol.18, No.9/10, pp.1017-1027 Cunha, M.P.E. and Cunha J. V. Da (2006) Towards a Complexity Theory of Strategy, Management Decision, Vol.44, No.7, pp.839-850 Datamonitor (2010) Ryanair Holdings plc. Company Profile. London: Datamonitor Dobruszkes, F. (2009) New Europe, new low-cost air services, Journal of Transport Geography, Vol.17, pp.423-432 Done, K. (2004) Ryanair talks of disaster, but the low-cost revolution flies on, Financial Times, 7/8 February 2004. Gillen, D. and Lall, A. (2004) Competitive advantage of low-cost carriers: some implications for airports, Journal of Air Transport Management, Vol. 10 pp. 41-50 Goold, M. (1996) Learning, Planning, and Strategy: Extra Time, California Management Review, Vol. 38, Issue. 4. pp.100-102. Groom, B. (2004) Leaders of the new Europe: Business stars chart a course for the profits of the future, Financial Times, 20 April 2004 Grà ¶ÃƒÅ¸ler, A. (2007) A dynamic view on strategic resources and capabilities applied to an example from the manufacturing strategy literature, Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, Vol. 18 No. 3, pp. 250-266 Hamel G. (1996) Strategy as Revolution. Harvard Business Review, Vol.74 Issue 4, pp. 69-82 Huettinger, M. (2006) Air Baltic and SAS a case study in the European airline industry, Baltic Journal of Management, Vol.1, No.2, pp.227-244 Johnson G, Scholes, K, Whittington, R. (2008) Exploring Corporate Strategy. London: Prentice Hall Lawton, C. T. (1999) The Limits of Price Leadership: Needs-based Positioning Strategy and the Long-term Competitiveness of Europes Low Fare Airlines, Long Range Planning, Vol. 32, No. 6, pp. 573-586 Leavy, B. (2003) Assessing your strategic alternative from both a market position and core competence perspective, Strategy and Leadership, Vol.31, No.6, pp.29-35, pp.29-35 Lidtka, J. (2000) In Defence of Strategy as Design. California Management Review. Vol.42. Issue3. pp.8-30 Malighetti, P. Paleari, S., Redondi, R. (2010) Has Ryanairs pricing strategy changed over time? An empirical analysis of its 2006-2007 flights, Tourism Management, Vol. 31, pp. 36-44 Mintel (2007) No-frills Low-cost Airlines, Mintel. Accessed online on 28 Oct.2010 from URL: www.mintel.co.uk Mintzberg, H. (1979) The Structuring of Organizations: A Synthesis of the Research. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall Mintzberg, H. (1983) Power In and Around Organizations. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, Mintzberg, H. Ahlstrand, B. Lampel, J. (1998) Strategy Safari. New York, NY: The Free Press OHiggins, E. (2009) Ryanair in Johnson G, Scholes, K, Whittington, R. (2008) Exploring Corporate Strategy. London: Prentice Hall, pp.833-852 OSullivan, M and Gunnigle, P. (2009) Bearing all the Hallmarks of Oppression. Union avoidance in Europes Largest Low-cost Airline, Labour Studies Journal, Pitfield, E. D. (2008) Some insights into competition between low-cost airlines, Research in Transportation Economics, Vol. 24, pp. 5-14 Pitt, R. M. and Brown, W. A. (2001) Developing a strategic direction for airports to enable the provision of services to both network and low-fare carriers, Facilities, Vol.19, No.1/2, pp.52-60 Porter, M. E. (1980) Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors. New York: Free Press Porter, M. E. (1985) Competitive advantage. New York: The Free Press. Porter, M. E. (1987) From competitive advantage to corporate strategy. Harvard Business Review. Vol. 65, Issue 3, pp.62-79 Porter, M. E. (1996) What is strategy? Harvard Business Review, Vol.74. Issue 6. pp. 61-78 Prahalad, C. K. and Hamel, G. (1990) The Core Competence of the Corporation, Harvard Business Review, Vol.68, Issue 3. pp. 79-91 Prahalad, C. K. and Hamel, G. (1990) The Core Competence of the Corporation, Harvard Business Review, Vol.68, Issue 3. pp. 79-91 Prahalad, C. K. and Hamel, G. (1994) Strategy as a field of study: Why search for a new paradigm, Strategic Management Journal, Vol.16, pp.5-16 Raduan, C. R, Jegak, U., Jegak, U., Haslinda, A., Alimin , I. I (2009) Management, Strategic Management Theories and the Linkage with Organizational Competitive Advantage from the Resource-Based View European Journal of Social Sciences Volume 11, Number 3, pp.402-418 Strategic Direction (2006) Easyjet and Ryanair flying high on the Southwest model. Charting the ups and downs of low cost carriers. Strategic Direction Vol.22, No.6, pp.18-21 Strategic Direction (2007a) Industrious times at British Airways and Ryanair. Winning the battle for the skies, Strategic Direction, Vol.20, No.4, pp.4-6 Strategic Direction (2007b) Employees come first at high-flying Soughtwest Airlines. Model contrasts with Ryanair approach to low-cost aviation. Human Resource Management International Digest, Vol.15, No.4, pp.5-7 Strategic Direction (2007c) Flight or flight. Ryanair, Southwest Airlines and post-merger US Airways and America West, Strategic Direction, Vol.23, No.1, npp.12-15 Wood, E. G. (2004) Who pays for wheelchairs?, Institute of Economic Affairs, pp. 60-61 Appendixes

Perception :: Essays Papers

Perception To see a scorned, beaten, and crucified man, lying dead in the arms of his mother is an image, which can inspire overwhelming emotions within the heart of an observer. Yet, for the longest time I've had such difficulty looking at Michelangelo's art in this way. To me, art has never been about expressing oneself or conveying a message to others, but simply creating an image for the sake of beauty and perfection. When I look at Michelangelo's art I see a cold, solid mass of marble carved by the skilled hands of a master, Rather than this work of great beauty, capable of eliciting a deeply emotional response. I look at it in terms of the techniques Michelangelo used the understanding he had of the human form, to render a piece ultimately comprising precision and realism. It has been upon these standards that I have based my concept of what art is. In my eyes, art has always been just a unique ability that I have. I feel driven by it, not to express some deep emotion, but almost as an obsession to perfect my own ability. Every stroke of a brush and every motion I make are to make what I've created more detailed, graceful, and real. I'm only now beginning to realize how much more there is to art than what I had previously understood. When I look at a piece of my work, I see the detail and realism of it, yet somehow I feel that these aspects are all that it possesses. I wonder whether or not I've almost turned my sense of art into a science that lacks the essential characteristics of art, which are expression and emotion. Somehow now I have begun to see that the strictness and precision of my art truly is an expression of who I am, and that through it, one can understand how I perceive the world around me. Personally I feel uncomfortable in a world where nearly every aspect of our lives is becoming less clearly defined and where right and wrong are continually forsaken for a vague sense of truth. So in some respects, art provides me with the sense of structure, order, and continuity, which I feel, is lacking in modern life.

The Philip Morris Anti Smoking Campaign Essay -- Essays Papers

The Philip Morris Anti Smoking Campaign Traditionally, many advertisements released by cigarette brands under the Philip Morris label have depicted happy people joined together in friendship (supposedly due to their common habit). Other advertisements attempted to associate cigarettes with sleek mystical figures, sometimes even sexually desirable ones. All this has changed, however, due to recent legal developments in which the cigarette giant was pressured to offer anti-smoking ads, in addition to the usual fictional ones depicting happy mannequins. In no way were they to advertise cigarettes, and they were mandated to help stop youth smoking. These requirements placed Philip Morris in a difficult situation. They needed to satisfy the courts, but at the same time also make their advertisements as unsuccessful as possible. To the joy of Philip Morris, Ogilvy explains that "the consumer perceives that the product is inferior and never buys it again" (103). The product is of course not a cigarette, in this case, but rather the message of the advertisement, "don't smoke". Through the use of dull visual features and two reversed advertising tactics, Philip Morris has successfully designed a campaign certain to reach no one. The side benefit of positive PR for the company, of course, was guaranteed regardless of the ad content. The first goal of this article is to attract as little attention as possible. At first glance, the eye finds no special focus point. We see two silhouettes seated at the far opposite ends of a small fishing boat out on a motionless river. It looks more like a mournful life insurance advertisement than anything else. The reader almost expects it to ask "Who will take care of your children?". There are no ... ...hat this awkward conversation was in fact their responsibility. The viewer is left feeling frustrated, overwhelmed, and unhappy. What better solution than to turn the page and gaze instead at a graceful Dorothy Hamill figure skater telling them to purchase a wonderful mysterious product named Vioxx? * Gramatically incorrect sentences used for style Works Cited Fowles, Jib. "Advertising's Fifteen Basic Appeals." Common Culture, 3rd Edition. Ed. Petracca, Michael, and Sorapure, Madeleine. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2001. 60-77. Ogilvy, David. "What's Wrong with Advertising?" Common Culture, 3rd Edition. Ed. Petracca, Michael, and Sorapure, Madeleine. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2001. 95-104. Solomon, Jack. "Masters of Desire." Common Culture, 3rd Edition. Ed. Petracca, Michael, and Sorapure, Madeleine. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2001. 46-59. The Philip Morris Anti Smoking Campaign Essay -- Essays Papers The Philip Morris Anti Smoking Campaign Traditionally, many advertisements released by cigarette brands under the Philip Morris label have depicted happy people joined together in friendship (supposedly due to their common habit). Other advertisements attempted to associate cigarettes with sleek mystical figures, sometimes even sexually desirable ones. All this has changed, however, due to recent legal developments in which the cigarette giant was pressured to offer anti-smoking ads, in addition to the usual fictional ones depicting happy mannequins. In no way were they to advertise cigarettes, and they were mandated to help stop youth smoking. These requirements placed Philip Morris in a difficult situation. They needed to satisfy the courts, but at the same time also make their advertisements as unsuccessful as possible. To the joy of Philip Morris, Ogilvy explains that "the consumer perceives that the product is inferior and never buys it again" (103). The product is of course not a cigarette, in this case, but rather the message of the advertisement, "don't smoke". Through the use of dull visual features and two reversed advertising tactics, Philip Morris has successfully designed a campaign certain to reach no one. The side benefit of positive PR for the company, of course, was guaranteed regardless of the ad content. The first goal of this article is to attract as little attention as possible. At first glance, the eye finds no special focus point. We see two silhouettes seated at the far opposite ends of a small fishing boat out on a motionless river. It looks more like a mournful life insurance advertisement than anything else. The reader almost expects it to ask "Who will take care of your children?". There are no ... ...hat this awkward conversation was in fact their responsibility. The viewer is left feeling frustrated, overwhelmed, and unhappy. What better solution than to turn the page and gaze instead at a graceful Dorothy Hamill figure skater telling them to purchase a wonderful mysterious product named Vioxx? * Gramatically incorrect sentences used for style Works Cited Fowles, Jib. "Advertising's Fifteen Basic Appeals." Common Culture, 3rd Edition. Ed. Petracca, Michael, and Sorapure, Madeleine. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2001. 60-77. Ogilvy, David. "What's Wrong with Advertising?" Common Culture, 3rd Edition. Ed. Petracca, Michael, and Sorapure, Madeleine. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2001. 95-104. Solomon, Jack. "Masters of Desire." Common Culture, 3rd Edition. Ed. Petracca, Michael, and Sorapure, Madeleine. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2001. 46-59.

Robert Frosts The Road Not Taken Essay -- English Literature Essays

Robert Frost's The Road Not Taken Robert Frost’s â€Å"The Road Not Taken† is a symbolic poem of the complications people must face in the course of their lives. Although it is not difficult to understand the meaning of the poem through it’s title, it is however hard to interpret what the author means when he describes the roads. Throughout the poem, the two roads appear similar at times and different at others. He uses free imagery to make his poem more complex for the audience. In the first stanza, Frost attempts to do many things: he illustrates the setting; he describes the roads; and he explains the significance of the roads. The setting of the poem is drawn in a yellow wood, which suggests that it is autumn. In the following line, â€Å"And I’m sorry I could not travel both/and be one traveler long I stood/and looked down one as far as I could/to where it bent in the undergrowth†, the narrator shows his regret that he could only take one (Frost,HO). This demonstrates to the reader that the roads are of great importance, and because he can only travel one it will leave him forever wondering about what it would be like if he had took the other. The narrator spent a lot of time choosing which path to take. After he studied the first road cautiously, he examined the second one. At first he is more attracted to the second road because â€Å"it was grassy and wanted wear† which meant that it was less traveled by (Frost,HO). To say that the path â€Å"wanted wear† is a personification (Frost,HO). It gives the road the human characteristic of wanting. After evaluating both roads, he decides that they are equal. He then states that they are really worn about the same. This gives the reader something to think about. If the two roads were utter... ... one he did. Frost gives just enough details in his writing to provide the viewers with a clear picture but allows them the freedom to create their own interpretations. One of the main things that make this poem attractive is the dilemma of picking a path. People immediately relate to that dilemma because most people face it numerous times throughout their lives. The Paths in the woods and forks in roads are metaphors for the many problems and decisions that fill one’s life. This poem says that we are free to choose, but we do not really know what we are choosing between. It does not say to take the path less traveled by nor take the path that is more traveled. The speaker knows that he will either second guess the decision somewhere down the line or wonder what was down the other path. In reality there is no right path, only the chosen path and the other path. Robert Frost's The Road Not Taken Essay -- English Literature Essays Robert Frost's The Road Not Taken Robert Frost’s â€Å"The Road Not Taken† is a symbolic poem of the complications people must face in the course of their lives. Although it is not difficult to understand the meaning of the poem through it’s title, it is however hard to interpret what the author means when he describes the roads. Throughout the poem, the two roads appear similar at times and different at others. He uses free imagery to make his poem more complex for the audience. In the first stanza, Frost attempts to do many things: he illustrates the setting; he describes the roads; and he explains the significance of the roads. The setting of the poem is drawn in a yellow wood, which suggests that it is autumn. In the following line, â€Å"And I’m sorry I could not travel both/and be one traveler long I stood/and looked down one as far as I could/to where it bent in the undergrowth†, the narrator shows his regret that he could only take one (Frost,HO). This demonstrates to the reader that the roads are of great importance, and because he can only travel one it will leave him forever wondering about what it would be like if he had took the other. The narrator spent a lot of time choosing which path to take. After he studied the first road cautiously, he examined the second one. At first he is more attracted to the second road because â€Å"it was grassy and wanted wear† which meant that it was less traveled by (Frost,HO). To say that the path â€Å"wanted wear† is a personification (Frost,HO). It gives the road the human characteristic of wanting. After evaluating both roads, he decides that they are equal. He then states that they are really worn about the same. This gives the reader something to think about. If the two roads were utter... ... one he did. Frost gives just enough details in his writing to provide the viewers with a clear picture but allows them the freedom to create their own interpretations. One of the main things that make this poem attractive is the dilemma of picking a path. People immediately relate to that dilemma because most people face it numerous times throughout their lives. The Paths in the woods and forks in roads are metaphors for the many problems and decisions that fill one’s life. This poem says that we are free to choose, but we do not really know what we are choosing between. It does not say to take the path less traveled by nor take the path that is more traveled. The speaker knows that he will either second guess the decision somewhere down the line or wonder what was down the other path. In reality there is no right path, only the chosen path and the other path.